The Cossacks played an important role in the formation of the Russian Empire. They lived in communities called hosts on the edges of the empire. They operate under a military hierarchy ruled by a chief, the Ataman . Due to their loyalty to the Tsar, the Cossacks were repressed by the Bolsheviks after 1917.
Credit: Journal “Chronicle of War”, 1915; Nicholas II among officers
When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, the Cossacks’ descendants called for a “rebirth” . In 2005, a bill submitted by President Vladimir Putin allowed registered Cossack organisations members to serve in military units and police forces.
Credit: tamvesti.ru
New hosts were created in traditionally non-Cossack lands with a variety of institutions to direct them. In 2018, the government united them in the “All-Russian Cossack Society” . Putin tries to marginalise the traditional Cossack groups, analyst Paul Goble told Bellingcat while the ones “he has created for his own purposes” play a “major role in military and patriotic education”.
Credit: Kremlin
According to Kuznetsov , the VSKO priorities are “development of military Cossack societies in all directions: education, culture, history, and most importantly, youth. Everything through youth.”
EVERYTHING THROUGH YOUTH
Cossack education can be divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary levels, all with the goal of promoting a unified system .
At the primary level are the Cossack kindergartens, which compete nationally to be named the best .
There are Cossack schools and regular schools with a Cossack affiliation. Data from 2022 claim there were just under 2000 such institutions with around 210,000 students, but recent claims point to over 300,000 students.
The most intense level of Cossack education is the Cossack Cadets Corps, of which there are 31 across the country , with the newest corps created in Russia’s Far East . They also compete nationally .
Finally, the Association of Cossack Universities has 26 members , with many concentrated in Rostov and Krasnodar. There is also a Union of Cossack Youth , which in 2022 had more than 163,000 members. More than 5,500 Cossack youth took part in military exercises on training grounds in 2023.
Oleg’s story demonstrates how young people outside formal Cossack education can still get pulled in. It also shows that the Cossacks are but one of several interlaced strategies for “military-patriotic” education.
Credit: Image of youth practicing putting on a gas mask, posted on VKontakte by Lyceum N.3.
He studied in Lyceum N.3, a state-funded educational institution in Saratov. Often, the school promotes events like the national Zarnitsa competition. It includes activities like “putting on gas masks” or “sniper games” for third graders.
The school’s military club “Fakel” acts as an intermediary for these events and other nationwide military education initiatives such as the 24-hour-long Avangard training for tenth graders.
In 2024, Natalia Saprykina , the director of Lyceum N.3, was awarded a Letter of Gratitude for her “contribution to the patriotic education of the younger generation” by a Deputy of the Regional Duma .
Oleg graduated from high school in 2023 at the age of 17.
In the same year he enrolled in InPIT , a higher education institution of the Saratov State Technical University.
By November Oleg had turned 18 and was wearing military fatigues and practising survival skills alongside other candidates of a “military-patriotic” student association named Berkut, at another local university, the Saratov State Law Academy (SSLA).
Though Berkut is not explicitly a Cossack organisation, we established several connections between the head of Berkut, Alexander Andreevich, and Cossack organisations. As we’ll see, Andreevich was present at multiple military style training camps that Oleg took part in.
Neither Berkut’s VKontakte nor Telegram channel descriptions mention the Cossacks.
Neither does its page in the University website .
The association’s official objectives are “forming a positive image of military service” and “popularisation of service in the Russian army and law enforcement agencies”. It is headed by Alexander Andreevich.
However, some of Berkut’s videos include the banner of a Молодёжная казачья организация .
A Telegram post by Andrey Fetisov, the Saratov District Ataman, refers to Berkut as a “Cossack Youth Movement”.
Even though Berkut (left) shares a name and eagle iconography with a notorious Ukrainian special police force (right), part of which defected to Russia during the occupation of Crimea in 2014, Bellingcat found no link between the two organisations.
FROM WAR GAMES TO REAL WEAPONS
By December 2023, nearing the end of the first semester, Oleg and the other candidates took the Berkut oath , making them official members. Oath-taking ceremonies are “ invented traditions ” among Cossack forces.
Atop the dais stand senior members of Berkut, including the head of the organisation – Alexander Andreevich.
Andreevich is an active Cossack who has been working under the guidance of District Ataman Andrey Fetisov since at least April 2023 .
More recently, in January 2025, they were both delivering a lesson to Cossack children for Yunarmiya , exemplifying the overlapping network of youth militarisation initiatives.
In July 2025, they both attended Saratov’s Council of Atamans that was hosted at the Ministry of Internal Policy and Public Relations of Saratov . Local organisations often meet there.
In August 2024, Andreevich attended the iVolga Cossack Youth Festival, where he met Kuznetsov . The only two people featured speaking in an official video .
Andreevich also led Oleg to two military-inspired events in April 2024.
Five days later they went to a training that included trench tactics and simulated helicopter jumps.
Since 2023 , Oleg often wore a distinctive yellow and red “ Скорпион ” call sign patch on his chest when wearing military fatigues, which distinguishes him from other youth at the events. That and other distinctive features identify him even with a mask or goggles.
Bellingcat was able to geolocate this place to be a Rosgvardia training ground on the outskirts of Saratov.
Notably, the trenches are not visible on Google Earth but are on Yandex Maps , which has more recent imagery for the region.
This group photo tells its own story. The flags visible are, from left to right, for the Volga Cossack Host , the Immortal Regiment , the Kuban Cossack Host , and Veteran News .
Oleg is at the far right wearing his “Scorpion” and Berkut patches.
This time, ex-fighters were there too.
Sergey Frolkov is an ex-fighter in the war on Ukraine . He regularly posts photos with an Akhmat special forces patch, associated with Kadryovites . He is also a member of the local Combat Brotherhood association.
As is Oleg Mysov , another returned fighter who also engages in “patriotic education of youth” events .
Both have attended Cossack events . Even though in this photo they are holding the Volga Cossack Host flag, Bellingcat could not clearly identify them as Cossacks.
A third man, Andrey Berdnikov is indeed a Cossack and a former fighter of BARS-15 , the Battalion Oleg joined, though he was reportedly expelled by his Commander. On the left, Alexander Andreevich.
Bellingcat contacted Sergey Frolkov, Oleg Mysov and Andrey Berdnikov before publication to ask about their roles, but did not receive a response.
Five months later, in September 2024 , Oleg went on a two-day training. Andrey Fetisov got a special thanks for the opportunity.
Bellingcat geolocated it to a military training ground in Samara, the same location where other Cossack recruits trained before deploying to BARS-15. Fetisov himself shared photos of this training ground two weeks after stepping down as Ataman to join BARS-15. Andreevich left and Oleg right in this photo .
They used real weapons this time. A video montage shows participants firing live rounds.
This is a photo that includes Oleg, Fetisov, and Andreevich. The first media we found for this event is from early September which is consistent with the sun position in this photo and the grass patches seen in satellite imagery from early September 2024.
Bellingcat contacted Kuznetsov, Fetisov and Andreevich to ask about their roles in the Cossack community, but they haven’t responded.
This is the last time Bellingcat was able to trace Oleg’s whereabouts with open sources before he joined BARS-15.
VOLUNTARY RECRUITMENT
Many countries have a volunteer reserve system for getting more soldiers in times of war. In Russia, the system is known as BARS , created in 2015 and intensified in 2021 . All BARS fighters sign a contract with the Ministry of Defense and get paid.
Mapping the geolocated positions of these units in the UAControlMaps Project dataset reveal widespread areas of operations. BARS Battalions are often reorganised. Estimates put the total number so far at over 30 BARS Battalions and 10 of them have overt Cossack affiliation.
Cossacks also operate as detachments in other military structures. By their own reckoning , in February there were more than 18,500 Cossacks on the front lines in Ukraine. In May the first-ever national Ataman, Nikolai Doluda, gave a higher figure of 46,000 Cossacks .
As of 2024, British Professor Rod Thornton estimated that BARS constitute some 10-30,000 troops in Ukraine, 15% of the total invasion force.