class PythonInterpreter:
    def __init__(self, enable_read_paths=None, enable_write_paths=None, 
                 enable_env_vars=None, enable_network_access=None)
    def execute(self, code: str, variables: Dict[str, Any] = None) -> Any
    def _inject_variables(self, code: str, variables: Dict[str, Any]) -> str
    def _mount_files(self) / _sync_files(self)

class BaseModule:
    def named_parameters(self) -> List[Tuple[str, Parameter]]
    def named_sub_modules(self, type_=None, skip_compiled=False)
    def deepcopy(self) / reset_copy(self)
    def dump_state(self) / load_state(self, state)
    def save(self, path, save_program=False, modules_to_serialize=None)

# lib/dspex/primitives/code_executor.ex
defmodule DSPEx.Primitives.CodeExecutor do
  @moduledoc """
  Multi-language code execution engine with process-based sandboxing.
  
  Provides secure, isolated execution of code in multiple languages
  with comprehensive resource management and distributed execution capabilities.
  """
  
  use GenServer
  
  alias DSPEx.Primitives.CodeExecutor.{
    Languages,
    Sandbox,
    ResourceManager,
    SecurityPolicy
  }
  
  defstruct [
    :language,
    :sandbox_config,
    :resource_limits,
    :security_policy,
    :execution_context,
    :supervisor_pid
  ]
  
  @type language :: :elixir | :python | :javascript | :rust | :wasm
  @type execution_result :: {:ok, term()} | {:error, term()}
  @type execution_context :: %{
    variables: map(),
    imports: [String.t()],
    working_directory: String.t(),
    environment: map()
  }
  
  def start_link(language, opts \\ []) do
    GenServer.start_link(__MODULE__, {language, opts})
  end
  
  def execute(pid, code, context \\ %{}) do
    GenServer.call(pid, {:execute, code, context}, 30_000)
  end
  
  def execute_async(pid, code, context \\ %{}) do
    GenServer.cast(pid, {:execute_async, code, context})
  end
  
  def init({language, opts}) do
    security_policy = SecurityPolicy.new(opts)
    sandbox_config = Sandbox.configure(language, security_policy)
    resource_limits = ResourceManager.configure(opts)
    
    # Start supervised execution environment
    case Sandbox.start_supervised_environment(language, sandbox_config) do
      {:ok, supervisor_pid} ->
        state = %__MODULE__{
          language: language,
          sandbox_config: sandbox_config,
          resource_limits: resource_limits,
          security_policy: security_policy,
          execution_context: %{},
          supervisor_pid: supervisor_pid
        }
        
        {:ok, state}
      
      {:error, reason} ->
        {:stop, {:sandbox_init_failed, reason}}
    end
  end
  
  def handle_call({:execute, code, context}, _from, state) do
    # Execute code in sandboxed environment with resource monitoring
    execution_task = Task.Supervisor.async(
      state.supervisor_pid,
      fn -> execute_in_sandbox(code, context, state) end
    )
    
    case Task.yield(execution_task, state.resource_limits.timeout) do
      {:ok, result} -> 
        {:reply, result, state}
      
      nil ->
        Task.shutdown(execution_task, :brutal_kill)
        {:reply, {:error, :execution_timeout}, state}
    end
  end
  
  def handle_cast({:execute_async, code, context}, state) do
    # Fire-and-forget execution with telemetry
    Task.Supervisor.start_child(state.supervisor_pid, fn ->
      result = execute_in_sandbox(code, context, state)
      :telemetry.execute([:dspex, :code_executor, :async_complete], %{}, %{
        language: state.language,
        result: result
      })
    end)
    
    {:noreply, state}
  end
  
  defp execute_in_sandbox(code, context, state) do
    case state.language do
      :elixir -> Languages.Elixir.execute(code, context, state.sandbox_config)
      :python -> Languages.Python.execute(code, context, state.sandbox_config)
      :javascript -> Languages.JavaScript.execute(code, context, state.sandbox_config)
      :rust -> Languages.Rust.execute(code, context, state.sandbox_config)
      :wasm -> Languages.WASM.execute(code, context, state.sandbox_config)
    end
  end
end

# lib/dspex/primitives/code_executor/languages/elixir.ex
defmodule DSPEx.Primitives.CodeExecutor.Languages.Elixir do
  @moduledoc """
  Native Elixir code execution with compile-time safety and hot reloading.
  
  Provides secure execution of Elixir code with module isolation,
  dependency injection, and comprehensive error handling.
  """
  
  def execute(code, context, sandbox_config) do
    try do
      # Parse and validate code
      case Code.string_to_quoted(code) do
        {:ok, ast} ->
          # Validate AST for security violations
          case validate_ast_security(ast, sandbox_config) do
            :ok ->
              # Inject context variables
              enhanced_code = inject_context_variables(code, context)
              
              # Execute in isolated environment
              execute_with_isolation(enhanced_code, context, sandbox_config)
            
            {:error, reason} ->
              {:error, {:security_violation, reason}}
          end
        
        {:error, reason} ->
          {:error, {:syntax_error, reason}}
      end
    rescue
      error -> {:error, {:execution_error, error}}
    end
  end
  
  defp validate_ast_security(ast, sandbox_config) do
    # Check for dangerous operations
    forbidden_modules = sandbox_config.forbidden_modules || []
    forbidden_functions = sandbox_config.forbidden_functions || []
    
    case find_security_violations(ast, forbidden_modules, forbidden_functions) do
      [] -> :ok
      violations -> {:error, violations}
    end
  end
  
  defp inject_context_variables(code, context) do
    variable_assignments = 
      context
      |> Map.get(:variables, %{})
      |> Enum.map(fn {key, value} ->
        "#{key} = #{inspect(value)}"
      end)
      |> Enum.join("\n")
    
    """
    #{variable_assignments}
    #{code}
    """
  end
  
  defp execute_with_isolation(code, context, sandbox_config) do
    # Create isolated execution environment
    isolation_module = create_isolation_module()
    
    try do
      # Evaluate code in isolated module context
      {result, _binding} = Code.eval_string(code, [], file: "sandbox", module: isolation_module)
      {:ok, result}
    rescue
      error -> {:error, {:runtime_error, error}}
    after
      # Clean up isolation module
      cleanup_isolation_module(isolation_module)
    end
  end
  
  defp create_isolation_module do
    # Generate unique module for isolation
    unique_id = System.unique_integer([:positive])
    module_name = Module.concat([DSPEx.Primitives.Sandbox, "Execution#{unique_id}"])
    
    # Create empty module
    Module.create(module_name, quote do
      # Restricted environment - only safe operations allowed
    end, Macro.Env.location(__ENV__))
    
    module_name
  end
  
  defp cleanup_isolation_module(module_name) do
    # Remove module from memory
    :code.delete(module_name)
    :code.purge(module_name)
  end
end

# lib/dspex/primitives/code_executor/languages/python.ex
defmodule DSPEx.Primitives.CodeExecutor.Languages.Python do
  @moduledoc """
  Python code execution using ErlPort for native integration.
  
  Provides secure Python code execution with variable injection,
  package management, and comprehensive error handling.
  """
  
  def execute(code, context, sandbox_config) do
    case ensure_python_environment(sandbox_config) do
      {:ok, python_instance} ->
        try do
          # Inject context variables
          inject_variables(python_instance, context)
          
          # Execute code with resource monitoring
          execute_python_code(python_instance, code, sandbox_config)
        after
          # Clean up Python instance
          cleanup_python_instance(python_instance)
        end
      
      {:error, reason} ->
        {:error, {:python_init_failed, reason}}
    end
  end
  
  defp ensure_python_environment(sandbox_config) do
    # Initialize Python instance with configured restrictions
    python_path = sandbox_config.python_path || System.find_executable("python3")
    
    case :python.start([
      {:python_path, String.to_charlist(python_path)},
      {:python, String.to_charlist("-u")},
      {:cd, String.to_charlist(sandbox_config.working_directory || ".")},
      {:env, format_environment(sandbox_config.environment || %{})}
    ]) do
      {:ok, pid} -> {:ok, pid}
      {:error, reason} -> {:error, reason}
    end
  end
  
  defp inject_variables(python_instance, context) do
    variables = Map.get(context, :variables, %{})
    
    Enum.each(variables, fn {key, value} ->
      serialized_value = serialize_for_python(value)
      :python.call(python_instance, :builtins, :exec, [
        "#{key} = #{serialized_value}"
      ])
    end)
  end
  
  defp execute_python_code(python_instance, code, sandbox_config) do
    # Set resource limits
    set_python_resource_limits(python_instance, sandbox_config)
    
    # Execute code
    case :python.call(python_instance, :builtins, :exec, [code]) do
      {:ok, result} -> {:ok, result}
      {:error, {type, value, traceback}} -> 
        {:error, {:python_error, %{type: type, value: value, traceback: traceback}}}
    end
  end
  
  defp serialize_for_python(value) when is_binary(value), do: "\"#{String.replace(value, "\"", "\\\"")}\""
  defp serialize_for_python(value) when is_number(value), do: to_string(value)
  defp serialize_for_python(value) when is_boolean(value), do: if(value, do: "True", else: "False")
  defp serialize_for_python(nil), do: "None"
  defp serialize_for_python(value) when is_list(value), do: "[#{Enum.map_join(value, ", ", &serialize_for_python/1)}]"
  defp serialize_for_python(value) when is_map(value) do
    pairs = Enum.map_join(value, ", ", fn {k, v} -> 
      "#{serialize_for_python(k)}: #{serialize_for_python(v)}"
    end)
    "{#{pairs}}"
  end
  
  defp cleanup_python_instance(python_instance) do
    :python.stop(python_instance)
  end
end

# lib/dspex/primitives/enhanced_module.ex
defmodule DSPEx.Primitives.EnhancedModule do
  @moduledoc """
  Enhanced module system with introspection, composition, and state management.
  
  Provides advanced module capabilities including parameter discovery,
  state serialization, distributed module registry, and hot reloading.
  """
  
  defstruct [
    :module_id,
    :module_type,
    :parameters,
    :sub_modules,
    :state,
    :metadata,
    :version
  ]
  
  @type t :: %__MODULE__{
    module_id: String.t(),
    module_type: atom(),
    parameters: map(),
    sub_modules: [t()],
    state: map(),
    metadata: map(),
    version: String.t()
  }
  
  @doc """
  Creates a new enhanced module with introspection capabilities.
  """
  def new(module, opts \\ []) do
    %__MODULE__{
      module_id: generate_module_id(module),
      module_type: extract_module_type(module),
      parameters: discover_parameters(module),
      sub_modules: discover_sub_modules(module),
      state: extract_state(module),
      metadata: build_metadata(module, opts),
      version: Keyword.get(opts, :version, "1.0.0")
    }
  end
  
  @doc """
  Discovers all parameters in a module hierarchy.
  """
  def discover_parameters(module) do
    case module do
      %{__struct__: struct_module} ->
        # Extract struct fields as parameters
        struct_module.__struct__()
        |> Map.from_struct()
        |> Enum.into(%{})
      
      module when is_atom(module) ->
        # Use reflection to discover module parameters
        discover_module_attributes(module)
      
      _ ->
        %{}
    end
  end
  
  @doc """
  Discovers all sub-modules in a module hierarchy.
  """
  def discover_sub_modules(module, opts \\ []) do
    max_depth = Keyword.get(opts, :max_depth, 5)
    visited = Keyword.get(opts, :visited, MapSet.new())
    
    discover_sub_modules_recursive(module, max_depth, visited, [])
  end
  
  @doc """
  Performs deep copy of module with parameter preservation.
  """
  def deep_copy(enhanced_module) do
    %{enhanced_module |
      module_id: generate_module_id("copy"),
      parameters: deep_copy_parameters(enhanced_module.parameters),
      sub_modules: Enum.map(enhanced_module.sub_modules, &deep_copy/1),
      state: deep_copy_state(enhanced_module.state)
    }
  end
  
  @doc """
  Serializes module state to persistent storage.
  """
  def dump_state(enhanced_module) do
    %{
      module_id: enhanced_module.module_id,
      module_type: enhanced_module.module_type,
      parameters: serialize_parameters(enhanced_module.parameters),
      sub_modules: Enum.map(enhanced_module.sub_modules, &dump_state/1),
      state: serialize_state(enhanced_module.state),
      metadata: enhanced_module.metadata,
      version: enhanced_module.version,
      timestamp: DateTime.utc_now(),
      beam_version: System.version(),
      dependencies: get_dependency_versions()
    }
  end
  
  @doc """
  Loads module state from persistent storage.
  """
  def load_state(serialized_state) do
    # Validate version compatibility
    case validate_version_compatibility(serialized_state) do
      :ok ->
        %__MODULE__{
          module_id: serialized_state.module_id,
          module_type: serialized_state.module_type,
          parameters: deserialize_parameters(serialized_state.parameters),
          sub_modules: Enum.map(serialized_state.sub_modules, &load_state/1),
          state: deserialize_state(serialized_state.state),
          metadata: serialized_state.metadata,
          version: serialized_state.version
        }
      
      {:error, reason} ->
        {:error, {:version_incompatible, reason}}
    end
  end
  
  @doc """
  Saves module to persistent storage with optional compression.
  """
  def save(enhanced_module, path, opts \\ []) do
    format = Keyword.get(opts, :format, :etf)  # :etf, :json, :protobuf
    compression = Keyword.get(opts, :compression, :gzip)
    
    serialized = dump_state(enhanced_module)
    
    case format do
      :etf -> save_etf(serialized, path, compression)
      :json -> save_json(serialized, path, compression)
      :protobuf -> save_protobuf(serialized, path, compression)
    end
  end
  
  @doc """
  Loads module from persistent storage.
  """
  def load(path) do
    case detect_format(path) do
      {:ok, format} ->
        case format do
          :etf -> load_etf(path)
          :json -> load_json(path)
          :protobuf -> load_protobuf(path)
        end
      
      {:error, reason} ->
        {:error, {:format_detection_failed, reason}}
    end
  end
  
  # Private implementation functions
  
  defp discover_module_attributes(module) do
    try do
      case module.__info__(:attributes) do
        attributes when is_list(attributes) ->
          # Extract module parameters from attributes
          extract_parameters_from_attributes(attributes)
        
        _ ->
          %{}
      end
    rescue
      _ -> %{}
    end
  end
  
  defp discover_sub_modules_recursive(module, depth, visited, acc) when depth <= 0 do
    acc
  end
  
  defp discover_sub_modules_recursive(module, depth, visited, acc) do
    module_id = generate_module_id(module)
    
    if MapSet.member?(visited, module_id) do
      acc
    else
      new_visited = MapSet.put(visited, module_id)
      
      case extract_sub_modules(module) do
        [] -> acc
        sub_modules ->
          enhanced_sub_modules = 
            sub_modules
            |> Enum.map(&new/1)
            |> Enum.map(fn sub_module ->
              discover_sub_modules_recursive(sub_module, depth - 1, new_visited, [])
            end)
          
          acc ++ enhanced_sub_modules
      end
    end
  end
  
  defp extract_sub_modules(module) do
    # Use reflection to find sub-modules
    case module do
      %{__struct__: _} = struct ->
        # Extract sub-modules from struct fields
        struct
        |> Map.from_struct()
        |> Map.values()
        |> Enum.filter(&is_module?/1)
      
      module when is_atom(module) ->
        # Use module introspection
        []
      
      _ ->
        []
    end
  end
  
  defp is_module?(value) do
    case value do
      %{__struct__: _} -> true
      module when is_atom(module) -> Code.ensure_loaded?(module)
      _ -> false
    end
  end
  
  defp serialize_parameters(parameters) do
    Enum.into(parameters, %{}, fn {key, value} ->
      {key, serialize_value(value)}
    end)
  end
  
  defp serialize_value(value) do
    case value do
      value when is_pid(value) -> {:pid, :erlang.pid_to_list(value)}
      value when is_reference(value) -> {:ref, :erlang.ref_to_list(value)}
      value when is_function(value) -> {:function, Function.info(value)}
      value -> value
    end
  end
  
  defp validate_version_compatibility(serialized_state) do
    current_version = System.version()
    saved_version = serialized_state.beam_version
    
    case Version.compare(current_version, saved_version) do
      :eq -> :ok
      :gt -> check_backward_compatibility(current_version, saved_version)
      :lt -> {:error, {:newer_version_required, saved_version}}
    end
  end
  
  defp generate_module_id(module) do
    "module_#{:erlang.phash2(module)}_#{System.unique_integer([:positive])}"
  end
end

# lib/dspex/primitives/module_registry.ex
defmodule DSPEx.Primitives.ModuleRegistry do
  @moduledoc """
  Distributed module registry with hot reloading and version management.
  
  Provides centralized module discovery, registration, and lifecycle management
  across distributed BEAM nodes with comprehensive version control.
  """
  
  use GenServer
  
  defstruct [
    :modules,
    :versions,
    :watchers,
    :hot_reload_enabled
  ]
  
  def start_link(opts \\ []) do
    GenServer.start_link(__MODULE__, opts, name: __MODULE__)
  end
  
  def register_module(module_spec) do
    GenServer.call(__MODULE__, {:register_module, module_spec})
  end
  
  def discover_modules(pattern \\ "*") do
    GenServer.call(__MODULE__, {:discover_modules, pattern})
  end
  
  def get_module(module_id) do
    GenServer.call(__MODULE__, {:get_module, module_id})
  end
  
  def hot_reload_module(module_id, new_version) do
    GenServer.call(__MODULE__, {:hot_reload_module, module_id, new_version})
  end
  
  def watch_module(module_id, watcher_pid) do
    GenServer.call(__MODULE__, {:watch_module, module_id, watcher_pid})
  end
  
  def init(opts) do
    # Connect to distributed registry if cluster is available
    :net_kernel.monitor_nodes(true)
    
    state = %__MODULE__{
      modules: %{},
      versions: %{},
      watchers: %{},
      hot_reload_enabled: Keyword.get(opts, :hot_reload, true)
    }
    
    {:ok, state}
  end
  
  def handle_call({:register_module, module_spec}, _from, state) do
    case validate_module_spec(module_spec) do
      {:ok, validated_spec} ->
        new_modules = Map.put(state.modules, validated_spec.module_id, validated_spec)
        new_versions = Map.put(state.versions, validated_spec.module_id, validated_spec.version)
        
        # Notify watchers
        notify_watchers(validated_spec.module_id, :registered, state.watchers)
        
        # Replicate to cluster if available
        replicate_to_cluster({:register_module, validated_spec})
        
        {:reply, :ok, %{state | modules: new_modules, versions: new_versions}}
      
      {:error, reason} ->
        {:reply, {:error, reason}, state}
    end
  end
  
  def handle_call({:discover_modules, pattern}, _from, state) do
    matching_modules = 
      state.modules
      |> Enum.filter(fn {module_id, _spec} -> 
        String.match?(module_id, compile_pattern(pattern))
      end)
      |> Enum.map(fn {_id, spec} -> spec end)
    
    {:reply, {:ok, matching_modules}, state}
  end
  
  def handle_call({:hot_reload_module, module_id, new_version}, _from, state) do
    if state.hot_reload_enabled do
      case Map.get(state.modules, module_id) do
        nil ->
          {:reply, {:error, :module_not_found}, state}
        
        current_spec ->
          case perform_hot_reload(current_spec, new_version) do
            {:ok, updated_spec} ->
              new_modules = Map.put(state.modules, module_id, updated_spec)
              new_versions = Map.put(state.versions, module_id, new_version)
              
              # Notify watchers
              notify_watchers(module_id, {:hot_reloaded, new_version}, state.watchers)
              
              {:reply, :ok, %{state | modules: new_modules, versions: new_versions}}
            
            {:error, reason} ->
              {:reply, {:error, reason}, state}
          end
      end
    else
      {:reply, {:error, :hot_reload_disabled}, state}
    end
  end
  
  defp perform_hot_reload(current_spec, new_version) do
    # Implement hot reloading logic
    # This is a simplified version - production would need more sophisticated handling
    try do
      # Load new version
      case Code.ensure_loaded(current_spec.module_type) do
        {:module, module} ->
          # Create updated spec
          updated_spec = %{current_spec | version: new_version}
          {:ok, updated_spec}
        
        {:error, reason} ->
          {:error, {:module_load_failed, reason}}
      end
    rescue
      error -> {:error, {:hot_reload_failed, error}}
    end
  end
  
  defp notify_watchers(module_id, event, watchers) do
    case Map.get(watchers, module_id, []) do
      [] -> :ok
      watcher_list ->
        Enum.each(watcher_list, fn watcher_pid ->
          if Process.alive?(watcher_pid) do
            send(watcher_pid, {:module_event, module_id, event})
          end
        end)
    end
  end
  
  defp replicate_to_cluster(operation) do
    # Replicate registry operations to all connected nodes
    Node.list()
    |> Enum.each(fn node ->
      GenServer.cast({__MODULE__, node}, {:replicate, operation})
    end)
  end
end

# lib/dspex/primitives/state_manager.ex
defmodule DSPEx.Primitives.StateManager do
  @moduledoc """
  Advanced state management with versioning, migration, and distributed persistence.
  
  Provides comprehensive state lifecycle management including versioned snapshots,
  automatic migration, conflict resolution, and distributed state synchronization.
  """
  
  use GenServer
  
  alias DSPEx.Primitives.{StateManager, EnhancedModule}
  
  defstruct [
    :storage_backend,
    :versioning_strategy,
    :migration_handlers,
    :sync_enabled,
    :conflict_resolver
  ]
  
  @type storage_backend :: :ets | :mnesia | :redis | :postgres | :file_system
  @type versioning_strategy :: :timestamp | :semantic | :hash_based | :incremental
  
  def start_link(opts \\ []) do
    GenServer.start_link(__MODULE__, opts, name: __MODULE__)
  end
  
  def save_state(module_id, state, opts \\ []) do
    GenServer.call(__MODULE__, {:save_state, module_id, state, opts})
  end
  
  def load_state(module_id, version \\ :latest) do
    GenServer.call(__MODULE__, {:load_state, module_id, version})
  end
  
  def list_versions(module_id) do
    GenServer.call(__MODULE__, {:list_versions, module_id})
  end
  
  def migrate_state(module_id, from_version, to_version) do
    GenServer.call(__MODULE__, {:migrate_state, module_id, from_version, to_version})
  end
  
  def create_snapshot(module_id, snapshot_name) do
    GenServer.call(__MODULE__, {:create_snapshot, module_id, snapshot_name})
  end
  
  def init(opts) do
    storage_backend = Keyword.get(opts, :storage_backend, :ets)
    versioning_strategy = Keyword.get(opts, :versioning_strategy, :timestamp)
    
    state = %__MODULE__{
      storage_backend: storage_backend,
      versioning_strategy: versioning_strategy,
      migration_handlers: %{},
      sync_enabled: Keyword.get(opts, :sync_enabled, false),
      conflict_resolver: Keyword.get(opts, :conflict_resolver, &default_conflict_resolver/2)
    }
    
    # Initialize storage backend
    case initialize_storage_backend(storage_backend, opts) do
      :ok -> {:ok, state}
      {:error, reason} -> {:stop, {:storage_init_failed, reason}}
    end
  end
  
  def handle_call({:save_state, module_id, state, opts}, _from, server_state) do
    version = generate_version(server_state.versioning_strategy)
    
    serialized_state = %{
      module_id: module_id,
      state: state,
      version: version,
      timestamp: DateTime.utc_now(),
      metadata: Keyword.get(opts, :metadata, %{}),
      checksum: calculate_checksum(state)
    }
    
    case persist_state(serialized_state, server_state.storage_backend) do
      :ok ->
        # Sync to cluster if enabled
        if server_state.sync_enabled do
          sync_to_cluster(serialized_state)
        end
        
        {:reply, {:ok, version}, server_state}
      
      {:error, reason} ->
        {:reply, {:error, reason}, server_state}
    end
  end
  
  def handle_call({:load_state, module_id, version}, _from, server_state) do
    case retrieve_state(module_id, version, server_state.storage_backend) do
      {:ok, serialized_state} ->
        # Validate checksum
        case validate_checksum(serialized_state) do
          :ok ->
            {:reply, {:ok, serialized_state.state}, server_state}
          
          {:error, reason} ->
            {:reply, {:error, {:checksum_failed, reason}}, server_state}
        end
      
      {:error, reason} ->
        {:reply, {:error, reason}, server_state}
    end
  end
  
  def handle_call({:migrate_state, module_id, from_version, to_version}, _from, server_state) do
    case load_migration_path(from_version, to_version, server_state.migration_handlers) do
      {:ok, migration_steps} ->
        case apply_migration_steps(module_id, migration_steps, server_state) do
          {:ok, migrated_state} ->
            # Save migrated state
            save_result = save_state(module_id, migrated_state, [
              metadata: %{migrated_from: from_version, migrated_to: to_version}
            ])
            {:reply, save_result, server_state}
          
          {:error, reason} ->
            {:reply, {:error, {:migration_failed, reason}}, server_state}
        end
      
      {:error, reason} ->
        {:reply, {:error, {:migration_path_not_found, reason}}, server_state}
    end
  end
  
  defp generate_version(strategy) do
    case strategy do
      :timestamp -> 
        DateTime.utc_now() |> DateTime.to_unix(:microsecond) |> to_string()
      
      :semantic ->
        # In practice, this would track semantic versions
        "1.0.0"
      
      :hash_based ->
        :crypto.strong_rand_bytes(16) |> Base.encode16()
      
      :incremental ->
        System.unique_integer([:positive]) |> to_string()
    end
  end
  
  defp calculate_checksum(state) do
    :crypto.hash(:sha256, :erlang.term_to_binary(state)) |> Base.encode16()
  end
  
  defp validate_checksum(serialized_state) do
    calculated = calculate_checksum(serialized_state.state)
    stored = serialized_state.checksum
    
    if calculated == stored do
      :ok
    else
      {:error, :checksum_mismatch}
    end
  end
  
  defp persist_state(serialized_state, backend) do
    case backend do
      :ets -> persist_to_ets(serialized_state)
      :mnesia -> persist_to_mnesia(serialized_state)
      :redis -> persist_to_redis(serialized_state)
      :postgres -> persist_to_postgres(serialized_state)
      :file_system -> persist_to_file_system(serialized_state)
    end
  end
  
  defp persist_to_ets(serialized_state) do
    table_name = :dspex_state_storage
    
    # Ensure table exists
    case :ets.info(table_name) do
      :undefined ->
        :ets.new(table_name, [:set, :public, :named_table])
      
      _ -> :ok
    end
    
    key = {serialized_state.module_id, serialized_state.version}
    :ets.insert(table_name, {key, serialized_state})
    :ok
  end
  
  defp sync_to_cluster(serialized_state) do
    Node.list()
    |> Enum.each(fn node ->
      GenServer.cast({__MODULE__, node}, {:sync_state, serialized_state})
    end)
  end
end

# lib/dspex/primitives/nx_compute.ex
defmodule DSPEx.Primitives.NxCompute do
  @moduledoc """
  Nx-powered high-performance computing primitives for DSPEx.
  
  Provides advanced numerical computing capabilities including matrix operations,
  statistical analysis, optimization routines, and scientific computing functions.
  """
  
  import Nx.Defn
  
  @doc """
  Advanced matrix operations for large-scale computations.
  """
  def matrix_analysis(matrix) when is_list(matrix) do
    tensor = Nx.tensor(matrix)
    matrix_analysis_impl(tensor)
  end
  
  defn matrix_analysis_impl(matrix) do
    # Basic matrix properties
    det = Nx.LinAlg.determinant(matrix)
    
    # Eigenvalue computation (for square matrices)
    eigenvalues = case Nx.shape(matrix) do
      {n, n} when n > 0 -> Nx.LinAlg.eigh(matrix) |> elem(0)
      _ -> Nx.tensor([])
    end
    
    # Condition number and rank estimation
    svd = Nx.LinAlg.svd(matrix)
    singular_values = elem(svd, 1)
    condition_number = Nx.reduce_max(singular_values) / Nx.reduce_min(singular_values)
    
    %{
      determinant: det,
      eigenvalues: eigenvalues,
      condition_number: condition_number,
      rank: estimate_rank(singular_values),
      frobenius_norm: Nx.LinAlg.norm(matrix)
    }
  end
  
  @doc """
  Advanced optimization algorithms using Nx for parameter tuning.
  """
  def optimize_function(objective_fn, initial_params, opts \\ []) do
    method = Keyword.get(opts, :method, :gradient_descent)
    learning_rate = Keyword.get(opts, :learning_rate, 0.01)
    max_iterations = Keyword.get(opts, :max_iterations, 1000)
    
    run_optimization(objective_fn, initial_params, method, learning_rate, max_iterations)
  end
  
  defn run_optimization(objective_fn, initial_params, _method, learning_rate, max_iterations) do
    {final_params, final_loss, iterations} = 
      while {{initial_params, Float.infinity(), 0}, {learning_rate, max_iterations}} do
        {{params, prev_loss, iter}, {lr, max_iter}} ->
          
          # Compute gradient
          gradient = grad(params, objective_fn)
          
          # Update parameters
          new_params = Nx.subtract(params, Nx.multiply(gradient, lr))
          new_loss = objective_fn.(new_params)
          
          # Check convergence
          should_continue = Nx.logical_and(
            Nx.greater(Nx.abs(new_loss - prev_loss), 1.0e-6),
            Nx.less(iter, max_iter)
          )
          
          if should_continue do
            {{new_params, new_loss, iter + 1}, {lr, max_iter}}
          else
            {{new_params, new_loss, iter + 1}, {lr, max_iter}}
          end
      end
    
    %{
      optimized_params: final_params,
      final_loss: final_loss,
      iterations: iterations,
      converged: Nx.less(iterations, max_iterations)
    }
  end
  
  @doc """
  Statistical analysis and hypothesis testing using Nx.
  """
  def statistical_analysis(data, opts \\ []) do
    tensor = ensure_tensor(data)
    
    # Basic statistics
    basic_stats = compute_basic_statistics(tensor)
    
    # Distribution analysis
    distribution_analysis = analyze_distribution(tensor)
    
    # Correlation analysis (for multivariate data)
    correlation_analysis = case Nx.rank(tensor) do
      2 -> compute_correlation_matrix(tensor)
      _ -> %{}
    end
    
    Map.merge(basic_stats, %{
      distribution: distribution_analysis,
      correlation: correlation_analysis
    })
  end
  
  defn compute_basic_statistics(data) do
    %{
      mean: Nx.mean(data),
      std: Nx.standard_deviation(data),
      variance: Nx.variance(data),
      min: Nx.reduce_min(data),
      max: Nx.reduce_max(data),
      count: Nx.size(data)
    }
  end
  
  # Helper functions
  defp ensure_tensor(data) when is_list(data), do: Nx.tensor(data)
  defp ensure_tensor(%Nx.Tensor{} = tensor), do: tensor
  defp ensure_tensor(data), do: Nx.tensor(data)
  
  defn estimate_rank(singular_values) do
    tolerance = 1.0e-10
    significant_values = Nx.greater(singular_values, tolerance)
    Nx.sum(significant_values)
  end
  
  defp analyze_distribution(tensor) do
    skewness = compute_skewness(tensor)
    kurtosis = compute_kurtosis(tensor)
    
    %{
      skewness: Nx.to_number(skewness),
      kurtosis: Nx.to_number(kurtosis),
      distribution_type: classify_distribution(skewness, kurtosis)
    }
  end
  
  defn compute_skewness(data) do
    mean = Nx.mean(data)
    std = Nx.standard_deviation(data)
    n = Nx.size(data)
    standardized = (data - mean) / std
    Nx.sum(Nx.pow(standardized, 3)) / n
  end
  
  defn compute_kurtosis(data) do
    mean = Nx.mean(data)
    std = Nx.standard_deviation(data)
    n = Nx.size(data)
    standardized = (data - mean) / std
    Nx.sum(Nx.pow(standardized, 4)) / n - 3.0
  end
  
  defn compute_correlation_matrix(matrix) do
    means = Nx.mean(matrix, axes: [0], keep_axes: true)
    centered = Nx.subtract(matrix, means)
    n = Nx.shape(matrix) |> elem(0)
    cov_matrix = Nx.dot(Nx.transpose(centered), centered) / (n - 1)
    
    stds = Nx.sqrt(Nx.take_diagonal(cov_matrix))
    outer_stds = Nx.outer(stds, stds)
    correlation_matrix = cov_matrix / outer_stds
    
    %{
      correlation_matrix: correlation_matrix,
      eigenvalues: Nx.LinAlg.eigh(correlation_matrix) |> elem(0)
    }
  end
  
  defp classify_distribution(skewness, kurtosis) do
    skew_val = Nx.to_number(skewness)
    kurt_val = Nx.to_number(kurtosis)
    
    cond do
      abs(skew_val) < 0.5 and abs(kurt_val) < 0.5 -> :normal
      skew_val > 1.0 -> :right_skewed
      skew_val < -1.0 -> :left_skewed
      kurt_val > 3.0 -> :heavy_tailed
      kurt_val < -1.0 -> :light_tailed
      true -> :unknown
    end
  end
end

# config/config.exs - Nx Configuration for Primitives
config :dspex, :primitives,
  # Nx backend configuration
  nx_backend: {Nx.BinaryBackend, []},
  
  # Computing settings
  computing: %{
    matrix_computation: %{
      tolerance: 1.0e-10,
      max_iterations: 10000,
      eigenvalue_method: :eigh
    },
    optimization: %{
      default_method: :gradient_descent,
      learning_rate: 0.01,
      tolerance: 1.0e-6,
      max_iterations: 1000
    },
    statistical_analysis: %{
      confidence_level: 0.95,
      hypothesis_test_alpha: 0.05,
      bootstrap_samples: 10000
    }
  },
  
  # Performance settings
  performance: %{
    batch_size: 1000,
    memory_limit_mb: 2000,
    parallel_threshold: 10000  # Use parallel processing for arrays larger than this
  }

# mix.exs - Add Nx dependency for primitives
defp deps do
  [
    # ... existing dependencies ...
    {:nx, "~> 0.6"},              # Numerical computing for advanced primitives
    {:foundation, path: "../foundation"},  # DSPEx foundation
    # ... other dependencies ...
  ]
end